M65 EpiDeath® ELISA(Prod. No. 10040) |
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» Comparison between the M65 EpiDeath ELISA and the M65 ELISA
Characteristics
The M65 EpiDeath® ELISA measures the concentration of soluble Keratin 18 (K18, or Cytokeratin 18, CK18) in cell culture supernatants, serum and plasma. The K18 levels reflect the amount of total epithelial cell death, regardless of the cause of death (see background information).The M65 EpiDeath® ELISA can be used in combination with the M30 Apoptosense® ELISA, in order to quantify the cell death mode (apoptosis or necrosis).
Applications
K18 is an indicator for different applications:Liver diseases:
| ♦ | Treatment follow-up of liver diseases (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)) |
| ♦ | Hepatitis B/C and AIH treatment monitoring |
| ♦ | Prognostic biomarker for acute liver failure (ALF) |
Oncology:
| ♦ | Response to anticancer treatment |
| ♦ | Prognostic biomarker for some tumours (e. g. lung cancer) |
Background
Cells die by apoptosis or necrosis. The mode of cell death depends both on the type of stimulus (e. g. the cytotoxic agent and tumour upon chemotherapy, or the mechanism of injury upon liver diseases) and the type of tissue (e. g. the tumour). The combination of the M30 Apoptosense ELISA and the M65 EpiDeath ELISA quantifies not only the amount of cell death, but also the cell death mode (apoptosis or necrosis) in blood samples (serum or plasma) or cell supernatants.
Cytotoxic agents used in oncology try to overcome the disruption of the apoptotic process and stimulate apoptosis. Dependent on the type of tumour and the cytotoxic agent, necrosis can be triggered instead. An apoptotic stimulus may under conditions of deficient cellular ATP generation fail to induce the apoptotic program and cells instead undergo necrosis (Leist et al., 1997).
Liver injuries may lead to cell death of hepatocytes – either by necrosis or apoptosis. The cell death mode has been reported to be of value for the diagnosis, prognosis or treatment follow-up of patients with different liver diseases (Volkmann et al., 2006).
Keratin 18 (K18) is an intracellular protein expressed at high levels by many types of epithelial cells. Most K18 molecules will form insoluble filaments in the cell, but a pool of soluble K18 can also be demonstrated (Chou et al., 1993). During cell death, the cellular content of K18 will be released into the extracellular compartment. Measurements of extracellular soluble K18 will therefore reflect epithelial cell death "by any cause" (due to apoptosis and necrosis) (Kramer et al., 2004).
K18 is cleaved by caspases during apoptosis, and caspase-cleaved fragments will be released to the extracellular compartment. The concentration of extracellular caspase-cleaved K18 (ccK18) therefore reflects the amount of apoptosis. Furthermore, the M30:M65 ratio is an indication of the proportion of apoptosis compared to total cell death (Kramer et al., 2004).
Cells die by apoptosis or necrosis. The mode of cell death depends both on the type of stimulus (e. g. the cytotoxic agent and tumour upon chemotherapy, or the mechanism of injury upon liver diseases) and the type of tissue (e. g. the tumour). The combination of the M30 Apoptosense ELISA and the M65 EpiDeath ELISA quantifies not only the amount of cell death, but also the cell death mode (apoptosis or necrosis) in blood samples (serum or plasma) or cell supernatants.
Cytotoxic agents used in oncology try to overcome the disruption of the apoptotic process and stimulate apoptosis. Dependent on the type of tumour and the cytotoxic agent, necrosis can be triggered instead. An apoptotic stimulus may under conditions of deficient cellular ATP generation fail to induce the apoptotic program and cells instead undergo necrosis (Leist et al., 1997).
Liver injuries may lead to cell death of hepatocytes – either by necrosis or apoptosis. The cell death mode has been reported to be of value for the diagnosis, prognosis or treatment follow-up of patients with different liver diseases (Volkmann et al., 2006).
Keratin 18 (K18) is an intracellular protein expressed at high levels by many types of epithelial cells. Most K18 molecules will form insoluble filaments in the cell, but a pool of soluble K18 can also be demonstrated (Chou et al., 1993). During cell death, the cellular content of K18 will be released into the extracellular compartment. Measurements of extracellular soluble K18 will therefore reflect epithelial cell death "by any cause" (due to apoptosis and necrosis) (Kramer et al., 2004).
K18 is cleaved by caspases during apoptosis, and caspase-cleaved fragments will be released to the extracellular compartment. The concentration of extracellular caspase-cleaved K18 (ccK18) therefore reflects the amount of apoptosis. Furthermore, the M30:M65 ratio is an indication of the proportion of apoptosis compared to total cell death (Kramer et al., 2004).
The M65 EpiDeath® ELISA uses two anti-K18 mouse monoclonal antibodies of the IgG type and is intended for assessment of epithelial cell death using human serum or plasma samples. The M30 Apoptosense® ELISA specifically measures a neo-epitope formed by caspase-cleavage of K18 at Asp396 (K18Asp396-NE or M30 neo-epitope) and will reflect apoptosis of epithelial cells (Hägg et al. 2002; Bivén et al. 2003). The units of the two assays have been calibrated against the identical standard material to allow the calculation of a ratio between caspase-cleaved and total K18 ("M30:M65 ratio"). Induction of apoptosis in cultured cells will result in release of caspase-cleaved K18 and in relatively high M30:M65 ratios, whereas induction of necrosis will almost exclusively result in release of K18 molecules that are not caspase-cleaved and in a low M30:M65 ratio.
M65 EpiDeath® ELISA is CE approved
The M65 EpiDeath® ELISA assay is registered as a medical device for in vitro diagnostic use in accordance with the CE-IVD directive.
